Process for producing optically active alpha-methylcysteine derivative

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a simple industrial process for producing an L- or D-optically active α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt, which is a useful pharmaceutical intermediate, from readily available, inexpensive raw materials. In a process for producing an L- or D-optically active α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt, a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt is D-selectively cyclized with hydantoinase to produce a D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt and an N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt, which are then subjected to deprotection of the amino group and the sulfur atom, and hydrolysis.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a process for producing an opticallyactive L- or D-α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt which is usefulas an intermediate for pharmaceutical products.

BACKGROUND ART

Known processes for producing an optically active L- orD-α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt include the following:

1) A process asymmetric methylation of an optically active thiazolidinecompound produced from optically active cysteine and pivalaldehyde(WO01/72702).

2) A process of asymmetric thiomethylation of an optically activeoxazolone compound produced from optically active alanine andbenzaldehyde (J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 3350-3357).

3) A process of methylation of a thiazoline compound produced fromcysteine and cyanobenzene, and isolating and purifying the resultingracemic thiazoline compound by chiral HPLC (Synlett., 1994, 9, 702-704).

4) A process of asymmetric bromomethylation of an optically activediketopiperazine compound synthesized from optically active valine andalanine, and replacement of the bromine atom of the resulting compoundby an alkali metal alkylthiolate (Synthesis, 1983, 37-38).

5) A process for the reaction of thiol with the optically activeaziridine which is prepared from the optically active 2-methylglycidolobtained by Sharpless asymmetric oxidation of 2-methyl-2-propene-1-ol(J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 790-791).

6) A process of methylation of aminomalonic acid derivatives,desymmetrization of the product with pig liver esterase (abbreviated as“PLE” hereinafter), and reaction of the resulting asymmetric ester withan alkali metal thioacetate (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 8449-8450).

Any of processes 1) to 4) requires low-temperature reaction with anexpensive base such as butyl lithium. Process 5) is complicated by alarge number of steps, and requires various kinds of expensive reagents.The key step of process 6) is the desymmetrization of the diester by PLEas esterase etc., but PLE cannot be easily stably secured on anindustrial scale because of difficulty in mass production of PLE,thereby making the process unpractical. Therefore, any one of theprocesses has problems to be solved as an industrial process forproducing an optically active methylcysteine derivative or its salt.

The optically active methylcysteine derivative produced by any one ofthe above-described processes and the like) can be converted tooptically active α-methylcysteine or its salt by appropriatedeprotection if necessary. The resulting optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt is preferably isolated and purified bycrystallization. However, there has been no known example of isolationof optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt by crystallization.Only the above-described WO01/72702 etc. disclose examples of isolation.These examples relate to a method in which a thiazolidine compound whichis an optically active α-methylcysteine derivative is deprotected withhydrochloric acid, resulting an aqueous solution of optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt is concentrated to produce a solid, and insome cases, the solid is washed with an organic solvent to isolate thecompound. However, as a result of isolation of the compound according tothis method, the inventors have found that a solid is precipitated withconcentration of the aqueous solution, and at the same time, the solidbecomes a large lump containing water to make stirring difficult. Also,when concentration is continued, the solid strongly adheres to the walland comes to a non-fluid state. Therefore, the operation ofconcentrating the aqueous solution to precipitate a solid isdisadvantageous as an industrial operation, and the solid tends to beaggregated with concentration. This causes difficulty in stirring acrystallization solution and isolating the solid. Therefore, theisolation methods disclosed in the above WO01/72702 etc. are unsuitablefor industrial production.

Furthermore, if the insoluble inorganic salts generate and are mixed inthe optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt obtained bydeprotection of optically active methylcysteine derivative during thereaction or a post-treatment step like neutrization etc., the inorganicsalt cannot be removed by the above-described conventional method.

Furthermore, α-methylcysteine or its salt is unstable against oxidationand is easily converted to a disulfide by dimerization. For example,dimerization of cysteine having a similar structure rapidly proceeds toproduce cystine (Protein Chemistry 1, Amino Acid Peptide, KyoritsuShuppan, p. 326). Also, dimerization of α-methylcysteine proceeds toproduce a disulfide, and the disulfide cannot be easily removed and isunavoidably mixed in a product. Therefore, it is important to establisha process capable of significantly suppressing the production and mixingof a disulfide.

It is thus strongly demanded to establish an industrially practicalprocess for appropriately crystallizing a high-quality optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt to obtain the compound as crystals.

Apart from the conventional processes, a conceivable process for simplyproducing an optically active α-methylcysteine derivative is to converta racemic α-methylcysteine derivative to an optically activeα-methylcysteine derivative by enzymatic resolution. In order to realizethis method, it is important to establish a process for producing aracemic α-methylcysteine derivative to be supplied to optical resolutionand enzymatic reaction having high optical resolution ability. It isalso important to properly select a racemic α-methylcysteine derivativeto be supplied to the enzymatic optical resolution.

In order to realize the process using enzymatic optical resolution, itis required that a racemic α-methylcysteine derivative used as asubstrate can be simply effectively produced, conforms to the substratespecificity of an enzyme, and has a protecting group or an auxiliarygroup suitable for achieving high stereoselectivity, and the protectinggroup or auxiliary group can be simply removed after enzymatic reaction.From this viewpoint, a preferred racemic α-methylcysteine derivative isan N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative.

It has been known for a long time that hydantoinase known as a hydrolasefor ring opening of hydantoin also catalyzes a reverse reaction ofconverting N-carbamoyl-α-amino acid to corresponding 5-substitutedhydantoin. It is thus expected that one of the optical isomers of theracemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative is selectively convertedto hydantoin with the enzyme and subjected to optical resolution. Theoptically active N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative obtained byoptical resolution can easily be converted to an optically activeα-methylcysteine derivative by decarbamoylation. The other product ofthe optical resolution, i.e., an optically active5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative, is equivalent to an opticallyactive α-methylcysteine derivative and can thus be led to an opticallyactive α-methylcysteine derivative (having a configuration reverse tothat of the product directly obtained by optical resolution) throughring-opening hydrolysis and decarbamoylation.

The racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative can be produced bycombination of a general chemical method for synthesizing an amino acidand N-carbamoylation reaction. However, a process for producing theracemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative in a small number ofsteps and high yield has not yet been established.

A known example of a general process for producing a racemicN-carbamoyl-α-disubstituted amino acid comprises converting an acetonederivative to racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin by the Bucherermethod, hydrolyzing the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin to produce aracemic α-disubstituted amino acid derivative (Agr. Biol. Chem., 1971,35, 53-58), and then N-carbamoylating the derivative by treatment withpotassium cyanate. However, in this method, the ureylene group(—NHCONH—) of the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin cannot beeffectively used as the ureido group (carbamoylamino group: —NHCONH₂) ofthe racemic N-carbamoyl-α-disubstituted amino acid derivative. Also, themethod requires the three steps and is thus inefficient.

On the other hand, as a method for producing a carbamoyl compoundwithout passing through an amino acid produced by hydrolysis ofhydantoin, a method of hydrolyzing with calcium hydroxide used as a baseis known (U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,859). However, as a result of productionof a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative according to thismethod, the inventors found that the target compound can be obtained inonly 25% yield. Namely, a process for producing a racemicN-carbamoyl-α-disubstituted amino acid derivative, particularly aracemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative, in a small number ofsteps and high yield has not yet been established.

On the other hand, with respect to enzymatic optical resolution of aracemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative, Japanese UnexaminedPatent Application Publication No. 1-124398 discloses a resolutionprocess in which a racemic N-carbamoyl-amino acid derivative isstereoselectively cyclized by treatment with hydantoinase. However, thepossibility of reaction of an N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative isneither disclosed nor suggested.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In consideration of the above-described situation, an object of thepresent invention is to provide an industrially practical processcapable of simply producing an optically active L- or D-α-methylcysteinederivative or its salts, which is useful as a pharmaceuticalintermediate, from readily available, inexpensive raw materials.

As a result of intensive research in consideration of theabove-described situation, the inventors found a process for producingan α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt, the process comprisingtreating a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative or its saltwith a hydantoinase to selectively cyclize the D-isomer and form aD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt and anN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt, and thendecarbamoylating the N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative or itssalt and deprotecting the sulfur atom.

The inventors also found a process for producing an α-methyl-D-cysteinederivative or its salt, the process comprising hydrolyzing aD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salts anddeprotecting the sulfur atom. Furthermore, the inventors established asimple method for effectively producing a racemicN-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative used as a raw material of theabove-described processes. These processes resulted in the completion ofthe present invention.

Namely, the present invention relates to a process for producing aD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (2)or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl grouphaving 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms); and anN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) orits salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above), the process comprisingtreating a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative representedby formula (1) or its salt with a hydantoinase to selectively cyclizethe D-isomer:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above).

Also, the present invention relates to a process for producing anα-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or its salt:

(wherein R² represents a hydrogen atom or Was described above), theprocess comprising decarbamoylating the N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteinederivative represented by formula (3) or its salts, and, if required,deprotecting the sulfur atom.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producing anα-methyl-L-cysteine represented by formula (5) or its salt:

the process comprising treating an N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteinederivative represented by formula (3) or its salt in which R¹ is atertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms with an acid tosimultaneously perform decarbamoylation and deprotection of the sulfuratom.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producingL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (6) or its salt:

the process comprising cyclizing N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteinederivative (3) or its salt and deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producingL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt, the process comprisingcyclizing N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt toproduce a L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented byformula (7) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above), and then treating thederivative or its salt with an acid to deprotect the sulfur atomthereof.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producing anα-methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented by formula (8) or its salt:

(wherein R² represents the same as the above), the process comprisinghydrolyzing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt,and, if required, deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producingα-methyl-D-cysteine represented by formula (9) or its salt:

the process comprising treating the compound represented by formula (2)in which R¹ is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms withan acid to simultaneously perform hydrolysis reaction and deprotectionof the sulfur atom.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producingD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (11) or itssalt:

the process comprising carbamoylating an α-methyl-D-cysteine derivativerepresented by formula (8) or its salt in which R² is the same as R¹ toproduce an N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented byformula (10) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above), and then cyclizing thederivative or its salt and deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producingD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (11) or itssalt, the process comprising treating the compound represented byformula (2) with an acid to deprotect the sulfur atom. The opticallyactive 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt can beeasily converted to optically active α-methylcysteine by hydrolysis, andas well as optically active α-methylcysteine, the optically active5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt can be suitablyused as a synthetic intermediate for pharmaceuticals and the like.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process forcrystallizing optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt, the processcomprising crystallizing from an aqueous solution of an optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt in the presence of an organic solvent.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a process for producing aracemic N-carbamoyl-α-amino acid derivative represented by formula (13)or its salt:

(wherein R³ and R⁴ independently represent a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or asubstituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms),particularly a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivativerepresented by formula (1) or its salt, the process comprisinghydrolyzing, with an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide, aracemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative represented by formula(12) or its salt:

(wherein R³ and R⁴ represent the same as the above), particularly aracemic 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula(14) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above).

Furthermore, the present invention relates to a racemicN-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (1) orits salt; an L- or D-optically active N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteinederivative represented by formula (3) or (10) or its salt; a D- orL-optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative representedby formula (2) or (7) or its salt in which R¹ is a tertiary alkyl grouphaving 4 to 15 carbon atoms; an L- or D-optically activeα-methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or (8) or itssalt in which R² is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1to 20 atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to20 carbon atoms; and an L- or D-optically active5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (6) or (11) or itssalt.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will be described in detail below. First,compounds of the present invention will be described.

In racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative (1) used in thepresent invention, R¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkylgroup having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedaralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted orunsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.

Examples of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms include linearalkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group,and a n-butyl group; and branched alkyl groups such as an isopropylgroup, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a neopentyl group, atert-pentyl group, and a tert-hexyl group. An alkyl group having 1 to 10carbon atoms is preferred.

Examples of an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms include abenzyl group, a p-methoxybenzyl group, a phenethyl group, and anaphthylmethyl group. An aralkyl group having 7 to 15 carbon atoms ispreferred.

Examples of an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include a phenylgroup and a naphthyl group. An aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms ispreferred.

Each of the alkyl group, aralkyl group, and aryl group may beunsubstituted or substituted. Examples of a substituent include an aminogroup, a hydroxyl group, an aryl group, an alkanoyl group, an alkenylgroup, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, a nitro group, and halogenatoms.

Examples of an aryl group as the substituent include aryl groups eachhaving 6 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, ap-methylphenyl group, a m-methylphenyl group, and an o-methylphenylgroup. Examples of an alkanoyl group include alkanoyl groups each having2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as an acetyl group, a propanoyl group, and abutanoyl group. Examples of an alkenyl group include alkenyl groups eachhaving 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as an ethenyl group and a propenylgroup. Examples of an alkynyl group include alkyl groups each having 2to 10 carbon atoms, such as an ethynyl group and a propynyl group.Examples of an alkoxy group include alkoxy groups each having 1 to 10carbon atoms, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a n-propoxygroup, and an isopropoxy group. Examples of halogen atoms include afluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.

From the viewpoint of the ease of deprotection and the reactivity ofstereoselective cyclization reaction with hydantoinase, R¹ is preferablya substituted or unsubstituted tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15carbon atoms. Specifically, R¹ is a tert-butyl group, a tert-pentylgroup, or a tert-hexyl group, and preferably a tert-butyl group.

In racemic N-carbamoyl-α-amino acid derivative (13), R³ and R⁴independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl grouphaving 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkylgroup having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstitutedaryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples of an alkyl grouphaving 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbonatoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include the samegroups as those described above for R¹.

The alkyl group, aralkyl group, and aryl group may be unsubstituted orsubstituted. Examples of the substituent include the same as thosedescribed above for R¹, and substituted thio groups represented byformula (15):

—SR¹  (15)

wherein R¹ represents the same as the above. Preferred examples of R¹ informula (15) include the same as described above.

In order to prepare compound (13) by hydrolyzing corresponding hydantoinas described below, each of R³ and R⁴ is preferably a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms from the viewpointof reactivity of hydrolysis reaction. Examples of such an alkyl groupinclude a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a n-butyl group,a n-pentyl group, and a n-hexyl group. More preferably, at least one ofR³ and R⁴ is a methyl group. When one of R³ and R⁴ is a methyl group,and the other is a methyl group substituted by substituted thio group(15), of course, compound (13) corresponds to compound (I).

Racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative (1) and racemicN-carbamoyl-α-amino acid derivative (13) may be salts with a base. Thesalts with a base are not particularly limited, but examples of thesalts include salts with alkali metal hydroxides (sodium hydroxide,potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like); and salts withalkaline earth metal hydroxides (calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide,and the like). Salts with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide arepreferred.

In the racemic optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoinderivative represented by formula (2), (7), or (14), R¹ is defined asdescribed above for the compound represented by formula (1).

In the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative represented byformula (12), R³ and R⁴ are defined as described above for the compoundrepresented by formula (13). Of course, when one of R³ and R⁴ is amethyl group, and the other is a methyl group substituted by substitutedthio group (15), compound (12) corresponds to compound (14).

The 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivatives may be salts with a baseformed at the imido groups of the hydantoin rings. The salts are notparticularly limited, but examples of the salts include salts withalkali metal hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithiumhydroxide, and the like); and salts with alkaline earth metal hydroxides(calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and the like). Salts withsodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are preferred.

In the optically active N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivativerepresented by formula (3) or (10), R¹ represents the same as the above.The optically active N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivatives may besalts, and examples of the salts include the same as described above forthe compound represented by formula (1).

In the optically active α-methylcysteine derivative represented byformula (4) or (8), R² represents R¹ or a hydrogen atom. The R¹represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to20 carbon atoms, and defined as described above for the compoundrepresented by formula (1). The optically active α-methylcysteinederivatives may be salts with an acid or a base. Examples of an acidinclude hydrohalic acids (hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, andhydrofluoric acid), sulfonic acids (methanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like), sulfuricacid, nitric acid, and carboxylic acids (formic aid, acetic acid,propionic acid, oxalic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like).Examples of a base include organic bases (ammonia, triethylamine,aniline, pyridine, and the like), alkali metal hydroxides (sodiumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like), andalkaline earth metal hydroxides (calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide,and the like).

The optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented byformula (6) or (11) may be a salt. Examples thereof include the same asthose described above for the compound represented by formula (1).

A process for producing the compounds represented by formula (1) and(13) will be described in detail below. Racemic N-carbamoyl-α-amino acidderivative (13) or its salt can be produced by hydrolysis of the racemic5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative represented by formula (12) orits salt with an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide.

Racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative (12) or its salt used asa raw material can be synthesized from a corresponding ketone by theBucherer method well known to persons skilled in the art.

In this method, hydrolysis is performed using a base such as an organicbase or an alkali metal hydroxide. The organic base is not particularlylimited, but examples of the organic base include methylamine,dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine,diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, and aniline. These organic bases may beused alone or in a mixture of two or more.

Examples of the alkali metal hydroxides include lithium hydroxide,sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide. Thesealkali metal hydroxides may be used alone or in a mixture of two ormore.

In view of yield and economics, the base used in hydrolysis ispreferably an alkali metal hydroxide, and more preferably sodiumhydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Although the amount of the base used is not particularly limited, theamount of the base is preferably 1 to 10 molar equivalents, and morepreferably 2 to 5 molar equivalents, based on the amount of thesubstrate used.

As a reaction solvent, water only may be used, or a mixture of water andan organic solvent may be used.

Although the organic solvent mixed with water to be used as the solventis not particularly limited, examples of the organic solvent includehydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents, ether solvents, alcoholicsolvents, nitrile solvents, and amide solvents. Hydrocarbon solvents arepreferred.

The hydrocarbon solvents are not particularly limited. Examples of thehydrocarbon solvents include toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane,cyclohexane, and heptane. These solvents may be used alone or in amixture of two or more at any desired ratio. Among these solvents,toluene is preferred.

Examples of the ester solvents include ethyl formate, methyl acetate,ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and methyl propionate.

Examples of the ether solvents include diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran,1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

Examples of the alcoholic solvents include methanol, ethanol,1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanol.

Examples of the nitrile solvents include acetonitrile and propionitrile.

Examples of the amide solvents include dimethylformamide anddimethylacetamide.

The amount of water used for reaction is preferably 0.1 to 100 times theweight of the substrate used. In view of yield and volumetricefficiency, the amount of water is more preferably 0.1 to 10 times, andmost preferably 0.2 to 3 times, the weight of the substrate used.

When the amount of the water used is 0.2 to 3 times the weight of thesubstrate, and the amount of the base used is 2 to 5 molar equivalentsrelative to the substrate used, the reaction proceeds in the highestyield.

The reaction temperature depends on the type of the substrate used, andthe amounts of the materials used, and thus cannot be determinedunconditionally. However, the reaction temperature can be selected from50° C. to 150° C., and it is preferably 80° C. to 110° C., and morepreferably 85° C. to 100° C.

The reaction time depends on the type of the substrate used, the amountsof the materials used, and the reaction temperature, and thus cannot bedetermined unconditionally. However, the reaction time is preferably 1to 50 hours, and more preferably 2 to 24 hours for producing the productin high yield.

As a post-treatment after the reaction, the reaction product may bedirectly used in a next reaction, or may be subjected to isolation byextraction and purification after neutralization with an acid.Alternatively, the reaction mixture may be filtered to isolate thetarget compound.

Similarly, the compound represented by formula (1) can be synthesized byproducing the racemic 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivativerepresented by formula (14) from a thioacetone derivative by theBucherer method, and then hydrolyzing the derivative represented byformula (14).

Description will now be made of a process in which racemicN-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative (1) or its salt is subjected toD-selective cyclization reaction using hydantoinase to synthesizeD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt andN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt.

The hydantoinase is an enzyme having an activity to hydrolyze a5-substituted hydantoin derivative or its salt to produce anN-carbamoyl-α-amino acid derivative. It is generally known that thisenzyme produces a 5-substituted hydantoin derivative by cyclization ofan N-carbamoyl-α-amino acid derivative in a reverse reaction ofhydrolysis (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No.1-1243989).

In the present invention, hydantoinase derived from plants, animals, ormicroorganisms may be used as the hydantoinase catalyzing theO-stereo-selective cyclization reaction. Among them, hydantoinasederived from microorganisms is preferably used for industrialapplication. Any microorganisms can be used as an enzyme source as longas the microorganisms have the ability of producing the enzyme. Examplesof the microorganisms include the known microorganisms below which arecapable of producing the enzyme.

Examples of the microorganisms include bacteria of the generaAcetobacter, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes,Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter,Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Microbacterium, Micrococcus,Protaminobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Sartina, Serratia, Xanthomonas,Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, and Rhizobium; actinomyces of the generaActinomyces, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Actinoplanes, andRhodococcus; molds of the genera Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, andPenicillium; and yeasts of the genera Candida, Phichia, Rhodotorula, andTorulopsis.

Preferably, an enzyme derived from microorganisms of the genusAgrobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, or Rhizobium is used.

More preferably, an enzyme derived from Agrobacterium sp. KNK712 (FERMBP-1900), Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERM BP-4863), Pseudomonas putidaIF012996, Pseudomonas sp. KNK003A (FERM BP-3181) or Rhizobium sp.KNK1415 is used.

The Agrobacterium sp. KNK712, Bacillus sp. KNK245, and Pseudomonas sp.KNK003A are deposited as international deposits according to theButapest Treaty in International Patent Organism Depositary, NationalInstitute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST TsukubaCentral 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan withaccession number FERM BP-1900 on May 31, 1988, with accession numberFERM BP-4863 on Nov. 2, 1994, and with accession number FERM BP-3181 onDec. 1, 1990, respectively.

The microorganisms may be a wild strain or a variant with hydantoinaseactivity increased by mutation. Alternatively, the microorganisms may betransformed microorganisms produced by a gene recombination method orthe like so as to produce hydantoinase derived from the microorganismswith high efficiency.

In a method for forming the transformed microorganisms capable ofproducing hydantoinase with high efficiency, a hydantoinase gene iscloned from a strain exhibiting hydantoinase activity, and anappropriate recombinant plasmid vector is formed and used fortransformation of proper host cells to produce the transformedmicroorganisms, as described in, for example, WO96/20275. Therecombinant DNA technology is well known in this field, and describedin, for example, Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition (Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, 1989), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (GreenePublishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience).

Examples of the transformed microorganisms capable of producinghydantoinase with high efficiency include the microorganisms describedin WO96/20275, such as Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104 (FERN BP-4864)containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERNBP-4863), Escherichia coli HB101 pAH1043 (FERN BP-4865) containing ahydantoinase gene derived from Agrobacterium sp. KNK712 (FERN BP-1900),and Escherichia coli HB101 pPHD301 (FERM BP-4866) containing ahydantoinase gene derived from Pseudomonas sp. KNK003A (FERM BP-3181).

The Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104, Escherichia coli HB101 pAH1043, andEscherichia coli HB101 pPHD301 are deposited as international depositsaccording to the Butapest Treaty in International Patent OrganismDepositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi,Ibaraki-ken, Japan on Nov. 2, 1994 with accession number FERN BP-4864,accession number FERN BP-4865 and accession number FERM BP-4866,respectively.

When the hydantoinase is produced from the microorganisms exhibitinghydantoinase activity or the transformed microorganisms, culture may beperformed using an ordinary nutrient medium, and, if required, enzymeinduction treatment may be performed, as described in, for example,WO96/20275. The enzyme induction can be performed by, for example,adding uracil to the culture medium.

In the present invention, the hydantoinase produced from themicroorganisms can be used directly as an enzyme or used in the form ofmicroorganisms having activity for the enzyme or a treatment productthereof. Examples of the treatment product of microorganisms include acrude extract, lyophilized organisms prepared from cultured cells,acetone-dried cells, and disrupted products of these cells.

The enzyme may be immobilized in the form of an enzyme or cells by aknown means and used as an immobilized enzyme. When the enzyme isstabilized by immobilization, enzymatic reaction can be performed in aseverer temperature region to effectively accelerate the reaction.Furthermore, it is possible to expect the advantage that the productioncost can be decreased due to repeatable use of the enzyme andsimplification of the production process.

The immobilization can be performed by a method well known to personsskilled in the art, such as a cross-linking method, a covalent bondingmethod, a physical adsorption method, or an inclusion method. Examplesof a support suitably used for immobilizing the enzyme includephenol-formaldehyde anion exchange resins such as Duolite A-568 andDS17186 (Rohm and Haas Co.: trademark), and anion exchange resinscomprising polystyrene resins having amine-, ammonium salt- ordiethanolamine-type functional groups, such as Amberlite IRA935, IRA945,and IRA901 (Rohm and Haas Co.: trademark), Lewatit OC1037 (Bayer Corp.:trademark), and Diaion EX-05 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation:trademark). As the support, DEAE-celluose can also be used.

The immobilized enzyme is preferably produced by the method describedin, for example, WO96/20275. In this method, cells are collected from aculture solution of a strain having hydantoinase activity and thendisrupted by ultrasonic waves or the like, and, for example, anionexchange resin Duolite A-568 is added to the resultant enzyme solution,followed by stirring for adsorption of the enzyme. In order to furtherimprove stability, for example, a cross-linking agent such asglutaraldehyde may be added to the resin having the enzyme adsorbedthereon, and the resultant mixture may be subjected to cross-linkingtreatment by stirring. After these treatments, the resin is filtered offand then washed to produce immobilized hydantoinase.

In the present invention, the enzymatic reaction can be performed by thefollowing method: The racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivativerepresented by formula (1) or its salt is used as a substrate andsubjected to reaction in an aqueous medium in the presence of thehydantoinase. The concentration of the substrate charged is 0.1% (w/v)to 90% (w/v), and preferably 1% (w/v) to 50% (w/v). The substrate issubjected to the reaction in a dissolved or suspended state by standingor stirring for a while at a reaction temperature properly adjusted to10° C. to 80° C., preferably 20° C. to 60° C., and a pH kept at 4 to 9,preferably 5 to 8. Alternatively, the substrate can be continuouslyadded. The reaction can be performed in a batch system or a continuoussystem. In the present invention, the reaction can be performed with theimmobilized enzyme, a membrane reactor, and the like.

Examples of the aqueous medium include water, buffers (for example, aphosphate buffer, a Tris buffer, and a carbonate buffer), and solventseach containing such a buffer and a water-soluble organic solvent (forexample, ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile). The aqueous medium may becombined with an organic solvent (for example, ethyl acetate, butylacetate, toluene, chloroform, or n-hexane) insoluble in water to form atwo-phase system. If required, an antioxidant, a surfactant, a coenzyme,a metal, and the like can be further added to the medium.

As the result of the above-described reaction, only the D-isomer ofracemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative (1) or its salt iscyclized to be converted to D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative(2) or its salt and N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) orits salt.

The produced N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its saltmay be subjected to decarbamoylation reaction in the form of thereaction solution, or may be isolated and purified by a conventionalseparation method such as extraction, concentration, crystallization, orcolumn chromatography, or combination thereof.

For example, when N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine having atert-butyl group at R¹ in formula (1) is used as the substrate ofD-selective cyclization reaction with the hydantoinase,D-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin precipitated as an insolublesubstance after the reaction can be easily removed by filtration.

In this case, the filtrate containing the resultantN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine may be used in a next step directly orafter purification. In the purification, the filtrate is controlled toacid pH to precipitate crystals, and then filtered to obtain the targetcompound.

The D-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin precipitated as aninsoluble substance may be used directly in a next step or used in theform of an aqueous alkali solution in a next step. Alternatively, theaqueous alkali solution may be neutralized to crystallize theD-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin. Any one of these methods maybe used.

Description will now be made of a process for producing theα-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or its salt,the process comprising decarbamoylating N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteinederivative (3) or its salt, and, if required, deprotecting the sulfuratom.

The protecting group of the sulfur atom is selected from the groupsdescribed above as R¹. In the deprotection, decarbamoylation(deprotection of the amino group) and deprotection of the sulfur atommay be simultaneously performed. Alternatively, one of the deprotectionsteps may be first performed, and then the other step may be performedto remove the remaining protecting group. The deprotection method may beappropriately selected according to the protecting group and thepurpose.

First, the method of simultaneously performing decarbamoylation anddeprotection of the sulfur atom will be described. As a result ofintensive research, the inventors found that when a tertiary alkyl grouphaving 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a tert-butyl group, is used as theprotecting group (R¹) of the sulfur atom, decarbamoylation (deprotectionof the amino group) and deprotection of the sulfur atom can besimultaneously performed in one step by treatingN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt with an acid.

Examples of the acid used in this method include hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, andtrifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or atleast two of the acids may be mixed at any desired ratio. From theviewpoint of reactivity and economics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromicaid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred. Ashydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid, commercially availableconcentrated hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid can be used, and suchan acid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or anorganic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as thereaction solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.

With respect to the reaction conditions, for example, whenN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine having a tert-butyl group asthe protecting group of the sulfur atom is treated with hydrochloricacid to produce α-methylcysteine hydrochloride in one step, the reactiontemperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C., and more preferably 90° C.to 150° C., and the reaction time is preferably about 2 to 4 days, forexample, at 100° C. to 110° C. and atmospheric pressure. The reactioncan be performed using a pressure-resisting reactor at a highertemperature to reduce the reaction time.

Next, description will be made of a process for producingα-methyl-L-cysteine represented by formula (5) or its salt, the processcomprising decarbamoylating N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative(3) or its salt to produce the α-methyl-L-cysteine derivativerepresented by formula (4) or its salt in which R² is the same as R¹ informula (1), and then deprotecting the sulfur atom.

In this process, the decarbamoylation method is not particularly limitedas long as the carbamoyl group can be removed. For example, a nitrousacid oxidation method, an alkaline hydrolysis method, or an acidhydrolysis method can be used. When the protecting group of the sulfuratom is a tertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group, the acidhydrolysis method using hydrochloric acid or the like tends to progressthe deprotection of the sulfur atom. Therefore, when onlydecarbamoylation is desired, another method is preferably performed.

The nitrous acid oxidation method can use the reaction conditionsgenerally used for decarbamoylation. For example, nitrous acid alone ora combination of a nitrite and an appropriate acid can be used. However,a combination of a nitrite and an acid is preferably used.

Examples of the nitrite include sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite,calcium nitrite, cesium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, and barium nitrite.Among these nitrites, potassium nitrite and sodium nitrite arepreferred. As the acid combined with the nitrite, acetic acid,hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrobromic acid are preferred,and hydrochloric acid is particularly preferred. Although the solvent isnot particularly limited, water or an alcohol (for example, methanol,ethanol, isopropanol, or the like) is preferably used from the viewpointof solubility of the substrate.

The reaction temperature of the nitrous acid oxidation method ispreferably in the range of −5° C. to 100° C., and more preferably in therange of 0° C. to 50° C. from the viewpoint of product stability andimprovement in yield.

The alkali used in the alkaline hydrolysis method is not particularlylimited. For example, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, andthe like are preferred, and lithium hydroxide is more preferred.

The reaction temperature of alkaline hydrolysis is preferably in therange of −5° C. to 150° C., and more preferably in the range of 80° C.to 120° C. from the viewpoint of productivity and improvement in yield.

The compound represented by formula (4) in which R² is the same as R¹ informula (1) may be used in a next step directly or after purification.For example, when R² is a tert-butyl group, purification can byperformed by adding an acid to the reaction solution after the alkalinehydrolysis to decrease the pH of the solution. As a result, theα-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or its salt inwhich R² is a tert-butyl group can be obtained as crystals.

In this case, the alkali used for the alkaline hydrolysis is arbitrarilyselected from sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and the like.Examples of the acid added to the reaction solution after the alkalinehydrolysis include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid,nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of theseacids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desiredratio. However, a combination of lithium hydroxide used as the alkaliand hydrochloric acid used as the acid is preferably used because aninorganic salt produced in neutralization has high solubility in waterto facilitate desalting.

The term “neutralization” means that the pH of the reaction solution isadjusted to a crystallization region. In order to efficiently producecrystals of the α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula(4) or its salt in which R² is a tert-butyl group, the upper limit ofthe pH is preferably 9.5 or less, and more preferably 7.0 or less, andthe lower limit of the pH is generally 1.0 or more, preferably 2.0 ormore, and more preferably 3.0 or more.

When deprotection of the sulfur atom is further required after theabove-described decarbamoylation, for example, the sulfur atom can bedeprotected under reaction conditions suitable for the protecting groupdirectly using the reaction solution or after isolation of theα-methyl-L-cysteine derivative.

For example, when the protecting group is a tertiary alkyl group such asa tert-butyl group or the like, the sulfur atom can be deprotected bytreatment with an acid. Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, andtrifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or twoor more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids,hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloricacid is more preferred. As hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid,commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acidcan be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent.Although water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid ispreferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.The reaction temperature is preferably 50° C. to 120° C., and morepreferably 80° C. to 100° C.

Description will now be made of the process for producingα-methyl-L-cysteine (5) or its salt from theN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) orits salt through L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt.

First, the method for performing sulfur atom deprotection andcyclization reaction of N-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3)or its salt in one step will be described. When the protecting group ofthe sulfur atom is a tertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group,deprotection and cyclization can be simultaneously performed bytreatment with an acid.

Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed atany desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid is preferred. Ashydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid, commercially available conc.hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such anacid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or anorganic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as thesolvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.

Although the reaction temperature is not particularly limited, mildconditions are preferred for suppressing the hydrolysis ofL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt. For example, thereaction may be performed in the range of 0° C. to 100° C., preferably60° C. to 90° C., for several hours, and terminated when the majorproduct is the desired compound.

Next, the method comprising synthesizingL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (7) or its salt bycyclization and then deprotecting the sulfur atom will be described.When the protecting group of the sulfur atom is a tertiary alkyl groupsuch as a tert-butyl group, cyclization is preferably performed byalkali treatment because deprotection of the sulfur atom proceeds whencyclization is performed with an acid.

The alkali used is not particularly limited, and examples of the alkaliinclude sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide,magnesium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. In view ofavailability and cost, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithiumhydroxide is preferred.

The reaction temperature of cyclization is preferably 0° C. to 100° C.,and more preferably 60° C. to 90° C. The solvent may comprise onlywater, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent. The solventpreferably comprises only water.

L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (7) or its salt may be usedin a next step directly or after extraction with an organic solvent orisolation by crystallization or the like.

The resultant derivative (7) or its salt can be further treated with anacid to advance deprotection of the sulfur atom, and therebyL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt can be produced.

Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed atany desired ratio. In view of yield and cost, hydrochloric acid ispreferred. The acid treatment can be preferably performed under the sameconditions as those described above for performing deprotection andcyclization in one step.

L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt produced as describedabove can be converted to α-methyl-L-cysteine (5) or its salt by acid oralkaline hydrolysis. The hydrolysis with an acid is preferred.

Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed atany desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromicacid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred. Preferredexamples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,and lithium hydroxide.

Description will now be made of a process for producingα-methyl-D-cysteine or its salt by hydrolyzingD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt, and thendeprotecting the sulfur atom of the resultant α-methyl-D-cysteinederivative represented by formula (8) or its salt in which R² is thesame as R¹ in formula (1).

The hydrolysis is usually performed with an alkali. The alkali used inthe hydrolysis is not particularly limited, but examples of the alkaliinclude sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, bariumhydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. Among thesealkalis, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxideare preferred. Particularly, lithium hydroxide is preferably usedbecause an inorganic salt impurity produced in crystallization of theproduct after the reaction has high solubility in water.

The solvent may comprise only water or a mixture of water and an organicsolvent, but the solvent preferably comprises only water.

The reaction temperature is preferably −5° C. to 150° C., and morepreferably 80° C. to 120° C.

For example, when R² is a tert-butyl group, an acid is added to thereaction solution to decrease its pH after the hydrolysis reaction, andthereby the resulting α-methyl-S-tert-butyl-D-cysteine can be obtainedas crystals.

The acid used is not particularly limited as long as the pH of thereaction solution can be decreased. Examples of the acid includehydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, aceticacid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be usedalone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among theseacids, hydrochloric acid is preferably used because when the hydrolysisis performed with lithium hydroxide, an inorganic salt impurity producedin neutralization has high solubility in water and is thus little mixedinto the crystals.

The term “neutralization” means that the pH of the reaction solution isadjusted to a crystallization region. In order to efficiently producecrystals of the α-methyl-S-tert-butyl-D-cysteine, the upper limit of thepH is preferably 9.5 or less, and more preferably 7.0 or less, and thelower limit of the pH is 1.0 or more, preferably 2.0 or more, and morepreferably 3.0 or more.

The resulting compound represented by formula (8) in which R² is thesame as R¹ can be converted to α-methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt bydeprotecting the sulfur atom. The deprotecting method is selectedaccording to the protecting group of the sulfur atom. When theprotecting group is a tertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group orthe like, the deprotection can be easily performed by treatment with anacid.

Examples of the acid used in the method include hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, andtrifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or twoor more may be mixed at any desired ratio. From the viewpoint ofreactivity and economics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid ispreferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred. As hydrochloric acidor hydrobromic acid, commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid orconc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used asthe reaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added,the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint ofreactivity.

The reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C., and morepreferably 90° C. to 150° C.

Next, the method for performing sulfur atom deprotection and hydrolysisreaction of D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its saltusing an acid in one step will be described. For example, when R¹ informula (2) is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, suchas a tert-butyl group, α-methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt can beobtained by treatment with an acid in one step.

Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed atany desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromicacid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred. Ashydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid, commercially available conc.hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such anacid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or anorganic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as thesolvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.

The reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. 180° C., and morepreferably 90° C. to 150° C.

Next, description will be made of a process for producingα-methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt, the process comprising synthesizingD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt by deprotecting thesulfur atom of D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or itssalt and then hydrolyzing the compound (II) or its salt.

First, the method of selectively deprotecting the sulfur atom ofD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt to produceD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt will be described. Asdescribed above, when the protecting group of the sulfur atom is atertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group, deprotection can easilybe performed by treatment with an acid.

Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid,hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed atany desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid is preferred. Ashydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid, commercially available conc.hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such anacid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or anorganic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as thesolvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.

The reaction conditions are not particularly limited as long as they arerelatively mild for producing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) withhigh selectivity while suppressing hydrolysis. However, the reaction maybe performed at 100° C. or less for several hours, and terminated whenthe major product is the desired compound.

Next, D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt is hydrolyzed toproduce α-methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt.

The hydrolysis may be either acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis. Inthe acid hydrolysis, examples of an acid include hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, andtrifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or twoor more may be mixed at any desired ratio. In view of reactivity andeconomics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, andhydrochloric acid is more preferred. As hydrochloric acid or hydrobromicacid, commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc.hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as thereaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added, theacid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint ofreactivity. The reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C.,and more preferably 90° C. to 150° C. The reaction time is preferablyabout 2 to 4 days, for example, at 100° C. to 110° C. and atmosphericpressure. The reaction can be performed using a pressure-resistingreactor at higher temperature to reduce the reaction time.

Next, description will be made of the process for producingD-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt, the processcomprising hydrolyzing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2)or its salt to produce the α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented byformula (8) or its salt, converting the derivative (8) or its salt toN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative (10) or its salt bycarbamoylation, and then performing cyclization and deprotection of thesulfur atom.

In this process, D-5-methyl-5-thiomethyhydantoin derivative (2) or itssalt can be converted to α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative (8) or its saltby the above-described method.

The carbamoylation of α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative (8) or its salt canbe performed with an alkali metal cyanate and an acid. Examples of thealkali metal cyanate include potassium isocyanate, potassium cyanate,and sodium cyanate. Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, andtrifluoroacetic acid. By using these agents, the carbamoylation isperformed under normal reaction conditions for carbamoylation (forexample, 0° C. to 100° C. in an aqueous solvent).

The cyclization and sulfur atom deprotection ofN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-D-cysteine derivative (10) or its salt can beperformed by the same method as that described above for convertingN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt toL-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6).

Next, a process for crystallizing optically active α-methylcysteine orits salt will be described in detail below. The optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt can be easily obtained by crystallizationfrom an aqueous solution of the optically active α-methylcysteine or itssalt in the presence of an organic solvent.

The optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt is not particularlylimited, but optically active α-methylcysteine, a salt of opticallyactive α-methylcysteine with an acid, and a salt of optically activeα-methylcysteine with a base are given as examples. A salt with an acidis preferred. The optically active α-methylcysteine may be either theL-isomer or the D-isomer.

Examples of the acid of the acid salt include hydrohalic acids, sulfonicacids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and carboxylic acids. Among theseacids, hydrohalic acids are preferred.

Examples of the hydrohalic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromicacid, and hydrofluoric acid, and hydrochloric acid is preferred.

Examples of the sulfonic acids include methanesulfonic acid,benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Examples of thecarboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid,oxalic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Examples of the base of the basesalt include ammonia, triethylamine, aniline, and pyridine.

The method for preparing the aqueous solution of the optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt is not particularly limited. For example,the aqueous solution can be prepared by appropriately converting ordeprotecting the α-methylcysteine derivative or its salt produced by anyone of the conventional processes 1) to 6), or a protected compoundthereof. An aqueous solution of the compound produced by the method ofthe present invention may be used. Preferably, an aqueous solution ofthe optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt produced by the methodof the present invention is used.

In the crystallization process, the aqueous solution of the opticallyactive α-methylcysteine or its salt is concentrated in the presence ofthe organic solvent to remove water from the system and replace water bythe organic solvent. Consequently, aggregation of the compound can besuppressed to produce slurry which can easily be taken out and filtered.The resulting slurry is filtered, and the residue is washed and thendried to produce the optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt ascrystals.

When the crystallization process is carried out, the aqueous solution ofthe optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt may be preliminarilyconcentrated before the organic solvent is added. In this case, theaqueous solution is preferably concentrated until the concentration byweight of the compound is 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% byweight or more.

The organic solvent used for replacement is not particularly limited,but the organic solvent is preferably azeotropic with water so that thewater content at the azeotropic point is 5.0% by weight or more. Theorganic solvent more preferably has low or no compatibility with water.

Examples of the organic solvent having low or no compatibility withwater include hydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents, and ether solvents.The hydrocarbon organic solvents are preferred from the viewpoint of lowcompatibility with water, low solubility of the optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt, and easy recovery and reuse of thesolvent.

The hydrocarbon organic solvents are not particularly limited, but forexample, toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane maybe used alone or in a mixture of two or more. From the viewpoint ofeconomics, toluene is preferred.

Examples of the ester solvents include ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate,and isobutyl acetate.

Examples of the ether solvents include dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether,1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

These solvents may be used alone or in a mixture of the same type ordifferent types of solvents at any desired ratio.

The replacement by the organic solvent may be performed in one step orin a plurality of steps. The amount of the organic solvent used for thereplacement depends on the type of the organic solvent, the degree ofvacuum for concentration, and the internal temperature of the system,and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. For example, when tolueneis used as the solvent, the amount of toluene charged each time ispreferably 0.1 to 100 times, and more preferably 0.2 to 10 times thetotal weight of the aqueous solution.

After the organic solvent is added, water is removed from the system tocrystallize the optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt. In thisoperation, the concentration of the solute, i.e., the concentration ofthe optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt, is 0.1 to 70% byweight, and preferably 1 to 70% by weight.

In the above-described operation, the amount of the water finallyremaining after water removal from the system is preferably 100% byweight or less on the basis of the optically active α-methylcysteine orits salt. From the viewpoint of the properties of the resultingcrystals, filterability, the rate of crystallization, and slurryfluidity, the water is preferably removed from the system until thewater content becomes 40% by weight or less.

The evaporation rate in concentration depends on the ability of theapparatus used, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. However,as the evaporation rate increases, bubbles significantly occur to worsenthe fluidity of the resultant slurry and cause a tendency toaggregation. Therefore, the evaporation rate per unit evaporation areaand unit time is preferably controlled to 1000 L/h·m² or less, morepreferably 600 L/h·m² or less, further preferably 300 L/h·m² or less,and most preferably 100 L/h·m² or less.

In concentration after the addition of the organic solvent, the degreeof vacuum is generally 500 mmHg or less, and preferably 200 mmHg orless. Although the lower limit is not particularly limited, the lowerlimit is generally 0.1 mmHg or more.

The concentration temperature depends on the degree of vacuum and theability of the apparatus used, but the temperature is 0° C. to 150° C.,preferably 10° C. to 100° C., and more preferably 30° C. to 70° C., forobtaining high-quality crystals easy to handle.

Next, detailed description will be made of a process for crystallizingthe optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt from an aqueoussolution thereof after an inorganic salt is removed. An organic solventis added to the aqueous solution of the optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt, and then concentration is performed toremove water from the system and replace water by the organic solvent.In this operation, most of an insoluble inorganic salt is precipitated,and thus the inorganic salt can be removed by a method such asfiltration or the like. The resultant filtrate is then mixed with a poorsolvent, cooled or concentrated to obtain crystals of the opticallyactive α-methylcysteine or its salt.

In the above-described operation, after the organic solvent is added andwater is removed from the system, the amount of the finally remainingwater is preferably 100% by weight or less on the basis of the opticallyactive α-methylcysteine or its salt. From the viewpoint of the depositof the inorganic salt to be removed, the water is preferably removedfrom the system until the water content becomes 40% by weight or less.

Although the type of the organic solvent used for replacement is notparticularly limited, an organic solvent compatible with water ispreferred from the viewpoint of the physical properties that theinorganic salt is slightly soluble or insoluble, and an optically activeα-methylcysteine hydrochloride is soluble. More preferably, a singlealcoholic solvent, a single ether solvent compatible with water, or amixture thereof at any ratio is used.

Examples of the alcoholic solvent include methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol,n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol,sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol. Any one of these solvents maybe used alone, or a mixture of two or more at any desired ratio may beused. However, isopropyl alcohol is preferred in view of the efficiencyof dehydration, economics, decrease in side reactions such asesterification and the like.

Examples of the ether solvent compatible with water include diethylether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and methyltert-butyl ether. Any one of these solvents may be used alone, or amixture of two or more at any desired ratio may be used. However,tetrahydrofuran is preferred in view of the efficiency of dehydrationand economics.

The process for crystallizing the optically active α-methylcysteine orits salt from the filtrate obtained after the slightly soluble inorganicsalt is removed is not particularly limited. For example, a generalcrystallization operation such as addition of a poor solvent, cooling,concentration, or the like can be carried out. Preferably, the method ofadding a poor solvent is carried out.

The poor solvent is not particularly limited, but hydrocarbon solvents,ester solvents, ether solvents having no or low compatibility withwater, and the like are given as examples. From the viewpoint of thedeposit of crystals and crystal purity, hydrocarbon solvents and estersolvents are preferred, and hydrocarbon solvents are more preferred.

Although the hydrocarbon solvents are not particularly limited, examplesof the hydrocarbon solvents include toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane,cyclohexane, and heptane. Among these solvents, toluene, xylene, hexane,and heptane are preferred, and toluene is more preferred.

Although the ester solvents are not particularly limited, examples ofthe ester solvents include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propylacetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate. Among these solvents,ethyl acetate is preferred.

Although the ether solvents having no or low compatibility with waterare not particularly limited, examples of the ether solvents includedipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.

These solvents may be used alone or in a mixture of the same type ordifferent types of solvents at any desired ratio.

When the optically active α-methylcysteine or its salt is crystallized,the concentration of the compound depends on the temperature, thesolvent ratio, and the like. However, the concentration of the compoundis generally 0.1% by weight to 70% by weight, preferably 1% by weight to70% by weight, and more preferably 2% by weight to 70% by weight, basedon the whole weight of the solution.

The crystallization process of the present invention is capable ofsatisfactorily obtaining the optically active α-methylcysteine or itssalt with high purity through industrially practical steps. The crystalsproduced by the crystallization method of the present invention containsa corresponding disulfide of the compound at a content of 1.0 mol % orless, preferably 0.5 mol % or less, and more preferably 0.1 mol % orless. A preferable form for obtaining the optically activeα-methylcysteine or its salt having a low disulfide content is a saltwith an acid, more preferably a salt with a hydrohalic acid, and mostpreferably a salt with hydrochloric acid.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Although the present invention will be described in further detail belowwith reference to examples, the present invention is not limited tothese examples.

Reference Example 1 Method for producing racemic5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin

In a reactor provided with a nitrogen balloon, a 5 wt % aqueous sodiumhydroxide solution (9.6 g, 12 mmol) and tert-butyl mercaptan (1.13 mL,10 mmol) were mixed at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 10minutes. Then, chloroacetone (0.79 mL, 10 mmol) was added to themixture, and reaction was performed at room temperature for 2 hours. Thereaction solution was light yellow and separated into two phases, ADimroth condenser was attached to the reactor, and NaCN (588 mg, 12mmol), (NH₄)HCO₃ (2.77 g, 35 mmol), and 28% ammonia water (3.1 mL) wereadded to the reactor to prepare a homogeneous solution. Then, thetemperature was increased to 55° C. to 60° C. After stirring underheating for 6 hours, the solution was cooled to 0° C., and conc.hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution to control the pHto 7.0 to 7.6. The resulting white crystals were filtered off andanalyzed by ¹H NMR. As a result, it was found that the target compound(1.84 g, yield 84.8%) was produced.

Reference Example 2 Method for producing5-(2-methoxyphenylmethyl)-5-methyl-hydantoin

First, 2-methoxyphenylacetone (16.4 g, 100 mmol) was mixed with 164 g orwater, and NaCN (5.88 g, 120 mmol), (NH₄)HCO₃ (27.7 g, 350 mmol), and27.7 g of 28% ammonia water were added to the resulting mixture. Afterstirring at 50° C. for 4 hours and at 60° C. for 12 hours, the mixturewas allowed to cool down to 23° C., and then controlled to pH 7.5 byadding conc. hydrochloric acid. The precipitated solid was filtered off,washed with toluene, and dried under reduced pressure to obtain 22.10 g(yield 94.5%) of the title compound.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.10-6.88 (m, 4H), 5.49 (brs, 1H), 3.86 (s,3H), 3.20 (d, 1H), 2.97 (d, 1H), 1.49 (s, 3H)

Reference Example 3 Method for producing racemicN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine

Racemic 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (4.77 g, 22.1 mmol) was dissolvedin a 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (75 g), and the resultantsolution was refluxed for 72 hours. After being allowed to cool down toroom temperature, the reaction solution was sampled for confirming theproduction of racemic S-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine by HPLC (column:COSMOSIL AR-II (produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.), mobile phase:potassium dihydrogen phosphate-aqueous phosphate solution (pH2.0)/acetonitrile=97/3, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210nm, column temperature: 40° C., retention time: 21.15 min). After thereaction solution was adjusted to pH 8 with conc. hydrochloric acid, thesolution was heated to 70° C., and a solution of potassium cyanate (2.07g) in distilled water (10 mL) was added dropwise to the solution over 20minutes. After the completion of the addition, the resultant mixture wasstirred for 5 hours, and the reaction solution was sampled for HPLCanalysis. As a result, an unreacted amino acid was recognized, and thusa solution of potassium cyanate (4.14 g) in distilled water (20 mL) wasfurther added dropwise to the solution over 20 minutes. After thecompletion of the addition, the resultant mixture was further stirredfor 1 hour, allowed to cool down to room temperature, and then adjustedto pH 2 with conc. hydrochloric acid. The precipitated solid wasfiltered off, washed with water, and then dried. The ¹H NMR analysis ofthe solid showed the production of the target compound (3.38 g, yield66%).

Example 1 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine andD-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin

According to the culture method and the method for preparing animmobilized enzyme described in WO96/20275, the Bacillus sp. KNK245strain (FERN BP-4863) was cultured, and then cells were collected anddisrupted by ultrasonic waves to produce an enzyme solution. Then, ananion exchange resin, Duolite A-568, was added as an immobilizationsupport to the enzyme solution to adsorb the resulting enzyme thereon.Furthermore, cross-linking was performed by glutaraldehyde to obtainimmobilized hydantoinase.

Next, 1.5 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and 0.003 mlof a 0.5 M aqueous manganese sulfate solution were added to 15 mg of theracemic N-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine produced in REFERENCEEXAMPLE 2, and the resultant solution was adjusted to pH 6.5 with a 10 Naqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Then, 200 mg (wet weight) of theimmobilized hydantoinase prepared as described above was added to thesolution, and reaction was performed by stirring at 40° C. for 48 hours.During the reaction, the pH was kept at about 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloricacid. As a result of the HPLC analysis (column: COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobilephase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphatesolution=3/7, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 40° C.) of the reaction solution, the residual ratioof the N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was 41%. Also, as aresult of the HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AS (produced by DaicelChemical Industries, Ltd.), mobile phase:hexane/isopropanol/trichloroacetic acid=7/3/0.01, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min,detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 30° C.) of theN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine contained in the reactionsolution, the optical purity was 96.7% ee. Furthermore, the resultingoptically active N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was convertedto methylcysteine by the method described in EXAMPLES 9 and 10, and theoptical rotation of the compound was measured. As a result, it wasconfirmed that the optically activeN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was the L-isomer.

On the other hand, the precipitated compound produced by the enzymaticreaction was extracted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by chiral HPLC(column: CHIRALPAK AD (produced by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.),mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol=10/3, flow rate: 1 ml/min, detectionwavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 30° C.). As a result, theelution time coincided with that of a standard sample, and it was thusconfirmed that the compound was optically active5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (a chemical purity of 88% andan optical purity of 100% ee, which were determined by the area ratio).Also, as a result of HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AD (produced byDaicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.), mobile phase:hexane/isopropanol=10/1, flow rate: 1 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210nm, column temperature: 30° C., D-isomer: 14.7 min, L-isomer: 25.3 min),it was confirmed by comparison with the retention time of a separatelysynthesized standard sample that the optically active5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin was the D-isomer.

N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ:3.22 (d, 1H), 3.16 (d, 1H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 9H)

D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃ with3 drops of CD₃OD) δ: 2.90 (d, 1H), 2.80 (d, 1H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s,9H)

Example 2 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine using transformedmicroorganisms of Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104

Transformed microorganisms of Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104 (FERMBP-4864) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from the Bacillus sp.KNK245 strain (FERM BP-4863) were inoculated into 10 ml of a liquidmedium (containing 10 g/l tryptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, and 5 g/l NaClwith pH 7 and prepared by sterilizing at 120° C. for 15 minutes and thenadding 100 mg/l of ampicillin through filer sterilization), followed byshaking culture at 37° C. for 18 hours. In a 500-ml of Sakaguchi flask,1 ml of the culture solution was then inoculated into 50 ml of a liquidmedium (10 g/l tryptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l NaCl, pH 7) whichwas sterilized at 120° C. for 15 minutes, followed by shaking culture at37° C. for 24 hours. Then, the cells collected from 1 ml of the culturesolution by centrifugation were suspended in 1.5 ml of a 0.1 M potassiumphosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 150 mg of racemicN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine and 0.003 ml of a 0.5 Maqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resultingsuspension. Then, the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 6.5 with a 10N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and subjected to reaction bystirring at 40° C. for 24 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5using 6 N hydrochloric acid. As a result of the HPLC analysis (column:COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassiumdihydrogen phosphate solution=3/7, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, detectionwavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) of the reactionsolution, the residual ratio ofN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was 49%. Also, as a result ofthe HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAR AS (produced by Daicel ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.), mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol/trichloroaceticacid=7/3/0.01, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 30° C.) of N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteinecontained in the reaction solution, the optical purity was 94.6% ee. Itwas also confirmed by comparison with the retention time of theN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine produced in EXAMPLE 1 thatthe resultant N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was theL-isomer.

Example 3 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine using bacteria of the genusBacillus

In a 500-ml Sakaguchi flask, dry preserved cells of the Bacillus sp.KNK245 strain (FERM BP-4863) were inoculated into 100 ml of a liquidmedium (10 g/l polypeptone, 10 g/1 meat extract, 5 g/l yeast extract, pH7.5) which was sterilized at 120° C. for 15 minutes, followed by shakingculture at 45° C. for 15 hours. Furthermore, 2 ml of the culturesolution was inoculated into an above described medium containing theadditional components, 1 g/l uracil, and 20 mg/l manganese chloride,followed by shaking culture at 45° C. for 24 hours. Then, the cellscollected from 15 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation weresuspended in 1.5 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and150 mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine and 0.003 mlof a 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to theresulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 6.5with a 10 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and subjected toreaction by stirring at 40° C. for 19 hours while maintaining the pH atabout 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid. As a result of the HPLC analysis(column: COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueouspotassium dihydrogen phosphate solution=3/7, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) of thereaction solution, the residual ratio ofN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was 44%. Also, as a result ofthe HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AS (produced by Daicel ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.), mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol/trichloroaceticacid=9/1/0.01, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 30° C.) of N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteinecontained in the reaction solution, the optical purity was 99.0% ee. Itwas also confirmed by comparison with the retention time of theN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine produced in EXAMPLE 1 thatthe resultant N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was theL-isomer.

Example 4 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine using bacteria of the genusPseudomonas

Pseudomonas putida 1E012996 was cultured in a solid medium (containing10 g/l polypeptone, 2 g/l yeast extract, 1 g/1 magnesium sulfateheptahydrate, and 15 g/l agar with pH 7.0) at 30° C. for 24 hours. In a500-ml Sakaguchi flask, one platinum loop of the cultured cells wasinoculated into 100 ml of a liquid medium (20 g/1 meat extract, 6 g/lglycerol, 1 g/l uracil, 2 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g/1magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 40 mg/l calcium chloride dihydrate, 20mg/l ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 20 mg/l manganese sulfatetetrahydrate to hexahydrate, 20 mg/l copper sulfate pentahydrate, pH5.5) which was sterilized at 120° C. for 15 minutes, followed by shakingculture at 30° C. for 24 hours. Then, the cells collected from 10 ml ofthe culture solution by centrifugation were suspended in 1 ml of a 0.1 Mpotassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 10 mg of racemicN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine and 0.002 ml of a 0.5 Maqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resultingsuspension. Then, the resulting mixture was subjected to reaction bystirring at 40° C. for 50 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5using 6 N hydrochloric acid. As a result of the HPLC analysis (column:COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassiumdihydrogen phosphate solution=3/7, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, detectionwavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) of the reactionsolution, the residual ratio ofN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was 52%. Also, as a result ofthe HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AS (produced by Daicel ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.), mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol/trichloroaceticacid=9/1/0.01, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 30° C.) of N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteinecontained in the reaction solution, the optical purity was 95.6% ee. Itwas also confirmed by composition with the retention time of theN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine produced in EXAMPLE 1 thatthe resultant N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was theL-isomer.

Example 5 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine using bacteria of the genusAgrobacterium

In a large test tube, the Agrobacterium sp. KNK712 strain (FERM BP-1900)was inoculated into 10 ml of a liquid medium (containing 10 g/lpolypeptone, 10 g/1 meat extract, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l glycerin, 5g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 5 g/l disodium hydrogenphosphate with pH 6.5) which was sterilized 120° C. for 15 minutes,followed by shaking culture at 30° C. for 24 hours. Then, 1 ml of theculture solution was inoculated into 100 ml of a liquid medium(containing 25 g/l glycerin, 5 g/l sucrose, 5 g/l potassium dihydrogenphosphate, 5 g/l disodium hydrogen phosphate, 1 g/1 magnesium phosphateheptahydrate, 10 mg/l manganese chloride tetrahydrate, and 4 g/l yeastextract with pH 6.5, and prepared by sterilization at 120° C. for 15minutes and then adding 2 g/l urea and 1 g/lD-N-carbamoyl-α-p-hydroxyphenylglycine through filter sterilization),followed by shaking culture at 33° C. for 23 hours. Then, the cellscollected from 5 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation weresuspended in 1 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 10mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine and 0.002 ml ofa 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to theresulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was subjected toreaction by stirring at 40° C. for 5 hours while maintaining the pH atabout 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid. As a result of the HPLC analysis(column: COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueouspotassium dihydrogen phosphate solution=3/7, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) of thereaction solution, the residual ratio ofN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was 23%. Also, as a result ofthe HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AS (produced by Daicel ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.), mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol/trichloroaceticacid=9/1/0.01, flow rate: 0.5 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 30° C.) of N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteinecontained in the reaction solution, the optical purity was 85.8% ee. Itwas also confirmed by comparison with the retention time of theN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine produced in EXAMPLE 1 thatthe resultant N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine was theL-isomer.

Example 6 Method for producingD-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin

In order to remove S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine contained as animpurity in the mixture (50 g) of the enzyme andD-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin obtained by the method inEXAMPLE 3, water (400 g) was added to the mixture, followed by stirring.Then, the insoluble substance was filtered off and washed with water(200 g), and a 5 wt % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (120 g) wasadded to the filtrate, followed by stirring. Then, the enzyme wasfiltered off as an insoluble substance, and the filtrate was adjusted topH 9 with conc. hydrochloric acid. The precipitated crystals werefiltered off, washed with water, and then dried under reduced pressureto obtain a crude product as crystals (19.7 g). As a result of the HPLCanalysis (column: COSMOSIL 5C8-MS, mobile phase: acetonitrile/potassiumdihydrogen phosphate−phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.0)=2/8, flow rate:1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) ofthe crude product, the purity and yield calculated by comparison with astandard sample were 87.5 wt % and 79.6%, respectively. Also, as aresult of HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALPAK AS (produced by DaicelChemical Industries, Ltd.), mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol=9/1, flowrate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 30°C., retention time: D-isomer=15.2 min, L-isomer=39.8 min), the opticalpurity was 97.6% ee.

Example 7 Method for producing S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-D-cysteine

The mixture (80 g) of D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin and theenzyme produced by the method in any one of EXAMPLES 1 to 5 wasdissolved in a 10 wt % aqueous lithium hydroxide solution (150 mL). Theenzyme was removed by filtration, and thenD-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin contained in the motherliquid was quantitatively analyzed by HPLC (under the same analyticalconditions as in EXAMPLE 6). As a result, the amount of the compoundcontained in the mother liquid was 44.2 g. Then, lithium hydroxide (54g) and distilled water (51 g) were added to the solution, and theresultant mixture was refluxed under heating for 38 hours. The mixturewas allowed to cool down to room temperature, and the produced solid wasfiltered off. Then, conc. hydrochloric acid (110 g) was added to themother liquid kept at an internal temperature of about 20° C. to controlthe pH to 6.7. Then, the solution was cooled to an internal temperatureof 2° C. and stirred for 2 hours. Next, the produced solid was filteredoff and dried in vacuum at 40° C. for 24 hours to obtain dry crystals(34.9 g). As a result of HPLC analysis (column: COSMOSIL 5C18-AR(produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.), mobile phase: potassium dihydrogenphosphate−phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.0)/acetonitrile=90/10, flowrate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40°C.), it was confirmed that the solid was the desired compound. Thepurity and yield were determined by comparison with the authentic sample(purity 96.7 wt %, yield 85.7%).

Example 8 Method for producing α-methyl-D-cysteine hydrochloride

S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-D-cysteine (20 g) was dissolved in conc.hydrochloric acid (180 g), and the resultant solution was refluxed underheating for 45 hours. The reaction solution was allowed to cool down toroom temperature, and then concentrated to 35 g. Then, the solution washeated to 40° C., and toluene (110 mL) was added to the solution,followed by concentration to about 40 g. This operation was furtherrepeated four times, and the produced solid was filtered off and driedunder vacuum at 60° C. for 48 hours to obtain the title compound as awhite solid (15.3 g). As a result of HPLC analysis (column: CAPCELL PAKSCX (produced by Shiseido Co., Ltd.), mobile phase: potassium dihydrogenphosphate−phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.0)/acetonitrile=95/5, flowrate: 0.3 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 30°C.), it was confirmed that the solid was the desired compound (yield84.6%). The measurement of optical rotation showed [α]^(D) ₂₀=−6.28 (c1.21, H₂O). Since the sign of the optical rotation was opposite to that ofthe α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride produced in EXAMPLE 10, it wasconfirmed that the obtained compound was the intended O-stereoisomer.

Example 9 Method for producing α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride

N-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) wasdissolved in conc. hydrochloric acid (1 mL), and the resultant solutionwas refluxed in nitrogen for 60 hours to prepare an aqueous solution ofα-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride.

Example 10 Method for producing α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride

Isopropyl alcohol (0.5 mL) was added to the reaction solution ofα-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride obtained in EXAMPLE 9, and theresultant mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and dried byazeotropic dehydration. This operation was repeated three times untilthe volume became about ⅓ by concentration. Then, the residue was heatedto 60° C., and toluene (1 mL) was added to the residue. After themixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature under stirring,stirring was continued for about 1 hour. Then, the precipitated crystalswere filtered off, washed with toluene, and dried under reduced pressureto obtain the title compound as a white solid (44.3 mg). As a result ofHPLC analysis (under the same analytical conditions as in EXAMPLE 8), itwas confirmed that the solid was the desired compound (yield 60.0%). Themeasurement of optical rotation showed [α]^(D) ₂₀=8.77 (c1. 15, H₂O).Since the sign of the optical rotation coincided with the value in thereference (Tetrahedron, 1993, 49, 2131-2138, WO98/38177), it wasconfirmed that the obtained compound was the intended L-stereoisomer.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 3.18 (d, 1H), 2.89 (d, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H)

Example 11 Method for producing S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine

N-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine (82.4 g, 351.4 mmol) wasdissolved in a 18% aqueous lithium hydroxide solution (630 g), and theresultant solution was refluxed in nitrogen for 41 hours. After thesolution was allowed to cool down to room temperature, the insolublesubstance was filtered off, and the filtrate was adjusted to pH 6 byadding conc. hydrochloric acid (180.1 g). After stirring for about 1hour, the mixture was cooled to 4° C. to 5° C., and further stirred for1 hour. The produced crystals were filtered off, washed with water, andthen dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as awhite solid (53.9 g). As a result of HPLC analysis (column: COSMOSIL5018-AR (produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.), mobile phase: potassiumdihydrogen phosphate−phosphoric acid solution (pH2.0)/acetonitrile=90/10, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength:210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.), it was confirmed that the solid wasthe desired compound (yield 85.7%)

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 3.18 (d, 1H), 2.91 (d, 1H), 1.60 (s, 3H), 1.35(s, 98)

Example 12 Method for producing α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride

Conc. hydrochloric acid (345.3 g) was added toS-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine (38.4 g, 201 mmol) produced by themethod in EXAMPLE 11, and the resultant mixture was refluxed for 24hours to obtain an aqueous solution of α-methyl-L-hydrochloride.

Example 13 Method for isolating α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride

The reaction solution of α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride obtained inEXAMPLE 12 was concentrated to 67.5 g (degree of vacuum: 30 to 60 mmHg,temperature: 45° C.), and toluene (206 g) was added to the residue.Again a vacuum concentration operation (degree of vacuum: 40 to 60 mmHg,temperature: 40° C., distillation rate: 107 L/h·m²) was performed untilthe total was 109 g, and toluene (206 g) was further added to theresidue, followed by concentration. The same operation was repeated sixtimes in total to obtain a toluene slurry (104 g) of the product,α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride. The water content of the slurry was30% by weight (based on α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride). The slurrywas filtered, and the obtained crystals were washed with toluene anddried under reduced pressure (at 0 to 100 mmHg and 30° C. to 80° C. for5 to 10 hours) to obtain the title compound as a white solid (32.2 g,yield 93.4%).

Example 14 Method for producing α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride

First, water (47.6 g) and conc. hydrochloric acid (177.4 g) were addedto S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine (25 g, 131 mmol) produced by themethod of EXAMPLE 11, and the resultant mixture was refluxed for 41hours. Furthermore, conc. hydrochloric acid (47.6 g) was added to themixture, followed by reflux for 3 hours. After the mixture was allowedto cool down to room temperature, isopropyl alcohol (90 mL) was added tothe mixture, followed by vacuum concentration. Then, azeotropicdehydration was performed three times using the same amount of isopropylalcohol. Finally, isopropyl alcohol was added to the residue, and theresultant mixture was concentrated to a volume of about ⅓. Then, theresidue was heated to 60° C., and toluene (90 mL) was added to theresidue. After the mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperatureunder stirring, stirring was continued about 1 hour. Then, theprecipitated crystals were filtered off, washed with toluene, and driedunder reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as a white solid(13.5 g, yield 60.0%).

Example 15 Method for producing D-5-mercaptomethyl-5-methylhydantoin

First, D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (4.38 g) produced inEXAMPLE 6 was dissolved in conc. hydrochloric acid (100 g), and theresultant solution was stirred at 80° C. for 18.5 hours. After thesolution was allowed to cool down to room temperature, the solution wasconcentrated to about a half, and the residue was adjusted to pH 0 byadding 30.5 g of a 30 wt % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Afterextraction with ethyl acetate (100 mL×3), the organic Phase wasconcentrated to 10% of the total, and toluene (30 mL) was added to theresidue. The precipitated crystals were filtered off to obtain thetarget D-5-mercaptomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (2.65 g) in a yield of 80%.As a result of the measure of the optical purity of this compound byHPLC (CHIRALPAK AS (produced by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.),mobile phase: hexane/isopropanol 9/1, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detectionwavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 35° C., retention time:D-isomer; 30.4 min, L-isomer; 33.8 min), the L-isomer was not detected.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOH-d4) δ: 1.32 (s, 3H), 2.60 (d, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 2.72(d, 1.6 Hz, 1H)

Example 16 Method for determining optical purity of α-methyl-L-cysteinehydrochloride

First, α-methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride (74.9 mg, 0.44 mmol) producedby the method of EXAMPLE 13 was dissolved in water (3 mL), and sodiumhydrogen carbonate (197.7 mg) and ethanol (3 mL) were added to theresultant solution. After nitrogen purge, benzyl chlorocarbonate (0.17mL, 1.10 mmol) was added to the resultant mixture, followed by stirringat room temperature for 2 days. Then, conc. hydrochloric acid was addedto the reaction solution to adjust the solution to pH 1.9, andextraction was performed with ethyl acetate. Then, the organic phase wasdried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled offunder reduced pressure. As a result of the PTLC (hexane/ethylacetate=1/1 with a small amount of acetic acid) purification and ¹H NMRanalysis of the residue, it was confirmed that the desired compound (106mg, yield 60%) was produced. The HPLC analysis (column: CHIRALCEL OD-RH(produced by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.), mobile phase: potassiumdihydrogen phosphate−phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.0)/acetonitrile=6/4,flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature:30° C., retention time: 19.15 min (D), 22.92 min (L)) of the compoundshowed an optical purity of 98.6% ee.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 7.30-7.40 (m, 10H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2H),3.60 (s, 2H), 1.63 (s, 3H)

Examples 17 to 21 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-cysteine

First, sodium hydroxide and water were added to5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin, and the resultant mixture washeated to a predetermined temperature and stirred. The reaction solutionwas analyzed by HPLC (column: COSMOSIL 5C18-AR (produced by NacalaiTesque Inc.), mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassiumdihydrogen phosphate solution=30/70, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detectionwavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) to determine the yieldof the title compound. The results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NaOH Water Reaction Reaction (molar (times by temperature timeYield Example equivalent) weight) (° C.) (hour) (%) 17 3.3 1.4 90 44 8218 3.3 1.4 95 15 81 19 3.3 1.4 100 9 64 20 2.2 1.0 95 13 80 21 1.6 0.795 6 54

Example 22 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-cysteine

First, 5-tent-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (5 g, 23 mmol) was mixedwith a 58% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (9.2 g), and the mixturewas heated to 95° C. and stirred for 22 hours. The HPLC analysis of thereaction solution showed the production of the title compound in areaction yield of 92%.

Example 23 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl-α-methyl-cysteine

First, 5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (5 g, 23 mmol) was mixedwith a 65% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (4.4 g) and toluene (5ml), and the mixture was heated to 95° C. and stirred for 27 hours. TheHPLC analysis of the reaction solution showed the production of thetitle compound in a reaction yield of 88%.

Example 24 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-cysteine

First, 5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (5 g, 23 mmol) was mixedwith a 73% aqueous potassium hydroxide solution (5.7 g) and toluene (10ml), and the mixture was heated to 95° C. and stirred for 51 hours. TheHPLC analysis of the reaction solution showed the production of thetitle compound in a reaction yield of 90%.

Example 25 Method for producing N-carbamoyl-2-amino-2-methyl propionicacid

First, 4.0 g of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin was mixed with 4.0 g of sodiumhydroxide and 4.0 g of water, and the mixture was stirred at 85° C. to90° C. for 3.5 hours. The HPLC analysis (column: COSMOSIL 5C18-ARII(produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.), mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mMaqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution=20/80, flow rate: 0.5ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm, column temperature: 40° C.) of thereaction mixture showed the production of 3.38 g (yield 74.1%) of thetitle compound.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 1.39 (s, 6H)

Example 26 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-2-amino-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl propionic acid

First, 4.40 g of 5-(2-methoxyphenylmethyl)-5-methyl-hydantoin was mixedwith 2.64 g of sodium hydroxide and 3.5 g of water, and the mixture wassubjected to reaction at 94° C. to 96° C. for 30 hours. The HPLCanalysis (column: COSMOSIL 5C18-ARII (produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.),mobile phase: acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphatesolution=20/80, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 210 nm,column temperature: 40° C.) of the reaction mixture showed theproduction of the title compound, 2-amino-3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropionic acid, and the raw material at an area ratio of 78.8:5.5:15.5.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 7.32-6.90 (m, 4H), 4.84 (s, 3H), 3.19 (d, 1H),3.18 (d, 1H), 1.37 (s, 3H)

Example 27 Method for producing N-carbamoyl-5-benzyl-α-methylcysteine

First, 5.0 g of 5-benzylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin was mixed with 3.6g of potassium hydroxide and 3 g of water, and the mixture was subjectedto reaction at 94° C. to 96° C. for 12 hours. The HPLC analysis (column:COSMOSIL 5C18-ARII (produced by Nacalai Tesque Inc.), mobile phase:acetonitrile/10 mM aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphatesolution=30/70, flow rate: 1.0 ml/min, detection wavelength: 254 nm,column temperature: 40° C.) of the reaction mixture showed theproduction of 3.56 g. (yield 66.4%) of the title compound.

¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O) δ: 7.40-7.30 (m, 5H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.15 (d, 1H),3.14 (d, 1H), 1.41 (s, 3H)

Comparative Example 1 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methylcysteine

First, 5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (5 g, 23 mmol) was mixedwith barium hydroxide (11.7), and water (10 g), and the mixture washeated to 95° C. and stirred for 2 hours. The HPLC analysis of thereaction solution showed the production of the title compound in areaction yield of 39%.

Comparative Example 2 Method for producingN-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl-α-methyl-cysteine (according to the methoddescried in U.S. Pat. No. 5,338,859)

First, 5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (purity content 10.82 g,50.0 mmol) was mixed with calcium hydroxide (3.70 g, 50.0 mmol), andwater (60 g), and the mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred for 3.5hours. The HPLC analysis of the reaction solution showed the productionof the title compound in a reaction yield of 25%.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, according to the present invention, both the D- andL-isomers of an optically active α-methylcysteine derivative or itssalt, which is useful as an pharmaceutical intermediate, can be producedfrom readily available, inexpensive raw materials by a simple,industrially practical process. Also, the compound can be obtained ascrystals by an industrially practical means.

1. A process for producing a D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivativerepresented by formula (2) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl grouphaving 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms); and anN-carbamoyl-α-methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) orits salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above), the process comprisingtreating a racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative representedby formula (1) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents the same as the above) with hydantoinase toselectively cyclize the D-isomer.
 2. The process according to claim 1,wherein the hydantoinase is derived from microorganisms of the genusAgrobacterium, Bacillus, or Pseudomonas.
 3. The process according toclaim 2, wherein the hydantoinase is derived from Agrobacterium sp.KNK712 (FERM BP-1900), Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERM BP-4863), orPseudomonas putida IFO12996.
 4. The process according to claim 1,wherein the hydantoinase is used as an immobilized enzyme.
 5. Theprocess according to claim 1, wherein R¹ is a substituted orunsubstituted tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms.
 6. Theprocess according to claim 5, wherein the tertiary alkyl group is atert-butyl group.
 7. A racemic N-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivativerepresented by formula (1) or its salt:

(wherein R¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl grouphaving 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms).
 8. The compound according to claim7, wherein R¹ is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms. 9.The compound according to claim 8, wherein the tertiary alkyl group is atert-butyl group.
 10. An L- or D-optically activeN-carbamoyl-α-methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (3):

(wherein R¹ represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl grouphaving 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms), or formula (10):

(wherein R¹ represent the same as the above), or its salt.
 11. Thecompound according to claim 10, wherein R¹ is a tertiary alkyl grouphaving 4 to 15 carbon atoms.
 12. The compound according to claim 11,wherein the tertiary alkyl group is a tert-butyl group.
 13. A D- orL-optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative representedby formula (2):

or formula (7):

(wherein R¹ is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms), orits salt.
 14. The compound according to claim 13, wherein the tertiaryalkyl group is a tert-butyl group.